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Objective: To evaluate the influence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and control measures on the transmission and epidemic of influenza in Chongqing, so as to provide references for formulating targeted influenza prevention and control strategies. Methods: The influenza surveillance data, during the year 2018 to 2020, were collected through the "China Influenza Surveillance Information System", and the seasonal characteristics of influenza epidemic were analyzed. The percentage of influenza like cases (ILI%) and influenza virus positive rate between 2020 and 2018-2019 were compared, so as to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 prevention and control measures on influenza epidemic characteristics. Results: The annual proportions of ILI cases in Chongqing were respectively 3.53%, 2.23% and 1.2% from 2018 to 2020, while the positive rates of influenza virus were respectively 13.97%, 23.81% and 2.65%. The distribution trend of ILI% from 2018 to 2019 fluctuated were similar, but it continued to drop and remain at a low level since February 2020. The positive rate of influenza virus showed an epidemic peak from December to March in 2018-2019, also peaked from November 2019 to January 2020, but decreased to 0 in March. ILI% was positively correlated with the positive rate of influenza virus (r=0.404 8, P < 0.05). In 2020, compared with the same period of 2018-2019, the growth rate of ILI% was -66.09% and -46.32%, respectively. The positive rate of influenza virus in 2020 decreased by 81.03% and 88.87% compared with the same period of 2018-2019, respectively. The growth rates of influenza virus positive rate in January 2020 were decreased with a small rate of about 39.87%, and with a significantly decline of more than 93.65% from February. No influenza epidemic was found after March. Conclusions: Since COVID-19 prevention and control measures were implemented in January 2020 in Chongqing, the ILI% and the positive rate of influenza virus in sentinel hospitals decreased significantly. In the season of high incidence of respiratory infectious diseases, personal protection and other measures can effectively reduce influenza virus infection.
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Objective: To investigate the knowledge,attitude, and practice(KAP)related to COVID-19 and the satisfaction with the prevention and control of COVID-19 in urban and Rural Residents in Zunyi City, and provide a reference for the health education and prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods: Through online and offline questionnaires, the stratified multistage sampling method was used to investigate the KAP and satisfaction of urban and rural residents in Zunyi City for the prevention and control of the COVID-19epidemic, and to analyze the differences and influencing factors of KAP among residents with different characteristics. Results: A total of 603 valid questionnaires were collected. The total awareness rate of COVID-19 among residents was 79.43%. There was a significant difference in the awareness of COVID-19 among different ages, educational levels, and occupations(P < 0.05). The proportion of residents with a positive attitude towards COVID-19 was 87.23%, while there was no significant difference in the attitude of residents with different characteristics(P > 0.05). Moreover,93.37% of them had good behavior in preventing the COVID-19 virus, while the differences among residents with different education and occupation were statistically significant(P < 0.05). The result of multivariate analysis showed that residents with low education levels had lower cognition of COVID-19 than those with high education levels OR = 0.647(95%CI 0.548,0.764). The residents with high cognition took better protective behavior than those with low cognition OR = 0.531(95%CI 0.328,0.860). Conclusion: Urban and rural residents have a high degree of satisfaction,a good KAP, and a high level of enthusiasm for COVID-19prevention and control. However,it is necessary to strengthen the publicity and education of COVID-19 in vulnerable groups(such as low education levels and older/younger) to better promote the precise prevention and control of COVID-19.
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COVID-19 vaccination is one of the most effective ways in the prevention and control of the pandemic worldwide. Achieving high levels of vaccine coverage is a key in minimizing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health systems, aged care systems, and communities. However, in many countries and regions, COVID-19 vaccine hesitation and rejection gradually become a huge hurdle for open-up the world again and for the recovery of the global economy. Vaccine hesitancy was already a growing concern worldwide even before COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly reduced the vaccine coverage and hindered the speed of vaccination. Therefore, it was listed as one of the top 10 threats to global health in 2019. The reasons for vaccine hesitancy and rejection remain complex and omnifarious. Targeted interventions tailored to vaccine hesitancy and refusal in specific populations may increase vaccine uptake. The communication-based interventions in health education and health promotion can effectively address the issues of vaccine hesitancy, such as raising vaccine knowledge and prevention awareness in specific populations, improving vaccine availability and accessibility, enforcing vaccination or implementing regulations to those unvaccinated, integrating the newest vaccine knowledge and evidence into routine health practices and procedures, addressing mistrust via dialogue and improving authority of healthcare providers and institutions.
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Objective: To investigate a cluster epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections in a school in Longchuan County, Yunnan Province, and further guide the prevention and control of COVID-19 in the border area. Methods: According to the Protocol on Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (8th Edition), an epidemiological investigation was performed on all COVID-19 cases to collect the information on demographics, onset, diagnosis and treatment, prognosis, and epidemiological history. Close contacts were also tracked to determine the transmission chains. Results: In this cluster epidemic, a total of 37 COVID-19 cases were identified, including 32 females and 5 males aged from 13 to 25 years, who were 35 students and 2 teachers. The student cases were found in four classes of two grades. Furthermore, gene sequencing showed that all cases had been infected with delta variants, belonging to the same transmission chain that was not related to the previous epidemics in Dehong Prefecture. In additionally, a total of 2 127 close contacts were found. After 21 days of centralized quarantine for medical observation, all close contacts tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. In the COVID-19 cases, only one case remained positive for SARS-CoV-2, while the other 36 cases were successfully treated and became negative. Conclusion: This school cluster is caused by the border villagers who contacted the water polluted with SARS-CoV-2. It warrants more strict management of students from border villages and their belongings to prevent similar epidemics in school settings.
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Purpose: To investigate the epidemic variation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in Sichuan Province, and to analyze the causes of poor vaccination effect. Methods: Piglet intestinal samples were collected from a pig farm in Sichuan Province for PCR detection, virus purification, determination of virus titer and virus infection experiments. Whole genome sequencing of isolated strains was determined. The S gene sequence of the isolated strain was compared with the strains from other regions and vaccine strains, and the phylogenetic tree was established. The amino acid site variation of S protein between the isolated strain and the classical vaccine strain CV777 was compared. Results: A PEDV strain was successfully isolated and named as PEDV SNJ-P. The determination of virus titer was 1..107.5/100 L. Animal infection experiments showed that the isolated strain could cause diarrhea, dehydration and other symptoms and lead to death in piglets. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the whole gene of PEDV SNJ-P strain was 28003 bp, and the genotype of the strain was S non-INDEL type. The strains were closely related to the strains of PEDV-WS, CH/JLDH/2016 and CH/HNLH/2015 isolated from China, and were relatively distant with the same type vaccine strain, and were far from the classical vaccine strain. Compared with the classical vaccine strain CV777, the S protein of SNJ-P strain had multiple amino acid mutations, deletions and insertions. Conclusion: Due to the continuous variation of strains, SNJ-P strain is far from the vaccine strain, and the current vaccines cannot provide effective protection. The results of this study are expected to provide reference for the study of PEDV strains and vaccine development in China.
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Objective: To understand the awereness and health needs of parents in regards to infectious diseases in kindergartens in Chengdu, and to provide a reference for carrying out targeted health education on infectious diseases. Methods: The parents of kindergarten children in Chenghua District of Chengdu was selected by convenient sampling, and a self-designed questionnaire was used. Results: The rate of awareness among parents regarding pediatric infectious diseases was 42.0%, among which the awareness rate of "treatment measures following a dog bite" was the highest (99.6%), and "the awareness rate of infectious disease classifications in China" was the lowest (26.7%). The awareness rate was related to family role, education level, occupation and income level (X2=10.81, 71.81, 93.78, 25.17, P < 0.05). The survey examined the demand for knowledge regarding pediatric infectious disease prevention and control, and revealed that parents primarily obtained such information from the school class group (85.5%). The most desirable way of obtaining relevant information was from information provided by professional institutions (96.6%), the infectious disease that parents most wanted to know about was the 2019 novel coronavirus (91.9%), and the most desirable time to acquire knowledge about infectious diseases depended on the seasonal arrangement of infectious diseases (67.5%). Conclusion: The awareness rate of parents about children's infectious diseases is in the middle level, and the channels for acquiring the knowledge about infectious diseases are relatively limited. Schools can carry out targeted health education in order to raise the awareness rate of parents of preschool children about children's infectious diseases.
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of first dressing changes on the postoperative pain intensity and the duration of pain in patients after anorectal surgeries to provide evidence for improving postoperative pain control. A total of 164 patients with an anorectal disease scheduled to undergo surgery were enrolled in this study, and their postoperative pain levels and duration were recorded. The status of severe pain for a rating score 7 during hospitalization after surgery was considered as the study endpoint. The pain score at the first dressing change was recorded and considered a potential risk factor for predicting severe pain during hospitalization by logistic regression analysis. Comparisons of postoperative pain outcomes between patients with a pain rating score 7 or <7 were performed before and after propensity score matching. Severe pain (rating score 7) at the first dressing change was an independent risk factor for severe pain during hospitalization (odds ratio (OR) = 8.33, p < 0.001). Pain on the first night after surgery in the Severe group was higher than in the Non-Severe group (3.2 +or- 0.9 vs. 2.8 +or- 1.0, p = 0.006). Patients in the Severe group had higher pain number rating scale (NRS) scores at the second (5.2 +or- 1.3 vs. 3.1 +or- 1.2, p < 0.001) and third (3.5 +or- 1.5 vs. 1.9 +or- 0.9, p < 0.001) dressing change than those in the Non-Severe group. Moreover, the overall NRS pain score during hospitalization in the Severe group was significantly higher than the Non-Severe group (5.7 +or- 1.1 vs. 3.9 +or- 1.5, p < 0.001), and the incidence of severe postoperative pain during hospitalization was also higher (61.6% vs. 12.1%, p < 0.001). In addition, pain duration in the Severe group was significantly longer than in the Non-Severe group (10 (3, 18) vs. 5 (2, 10), p < 0.001). Regarding the distributions of propensity scores, the overall NRS pain score during hospitalization in the Severe group was significantly higher than in the Non-Severe group (5.7 +or- 1.1 vs. 3.8 +or- 1.4, p < 0.001), as well as a higher incidence in severe postoperative pain (61.2% vs. 7.5%, p < 0.001), which was accompanied by a significantly longer pain duration in the Severe group (10 (3, 18) vs. 5 (2, 10), p < 0.001). Moreover, subgroup analysis showed that patients in the Severe group had higher overall pain NRS scores than the Non-Severe group for both the Milligan-Morgan (5.6 +or- 1.5 vs. 4.0 +or- 1.1, p < 0.001) and Thread-ligating (5.8 +or- 1.4 vs. 3.9 +or- 1.0, p < 0.001) surgery groups. Pain intensity at the first dressing change was sociated with the intensity and duration of postoperative pain in patients who underwent anorectal surgery. Thus, proper actions are needed to relieve the pain intensity at the first dressing change.
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OBJECTIVE: To understand the status of generation and management of medical waste in medical institutions of Chongqing. METHODS: By means of onsite investigation and questionnaire survey, the generation categories and current status of management of medical waste in 50 medical institutions were investigated from Oct 2021 to Apr 2022 the existing limitations and prominent problems in the whole-process management of medical waste were identified so as to enable the safe disposal of medical waste based on laws and regulations. RESULTS: The average pollutants generation coefficient of medical waste was 0.22-0.72 kg/bed.day among all the grades of hospitals, the average pollutant generation coefficient of medical waste was 0.28-2.30 kg/10 people among grass-root medical institutions. The management of medical waste was more standardized in tertiary hospitals. There were a variety of problems in management of medical waste in clinics and village clinics, such as nonstandard classification of medical waste, unreasonable site selection for temporary storage of medical waste, unsatisfactory transportation means and untimely collection and transportation of medical waste. The problems of chemical, pharmaceutical and pathological medical waste were more prominent. The costs of disposal of medical waste were not strictly implemented in accordance with standards. The packaging, storage, loading, handover and disinfection of COVID-19 medical waste have been carried out in accordance with regulations. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to further standardize the management of medical waste, explore and formulate the collection and transportation modes of medical waste in primary medical institutions, intensify the supervision of classification, collection, storage, transportation and disposal of medical waste, optimize and upgrade the medical waste management information system, and encourage subsidies for the disposal of medical waste in Chongqing medical waste disposal enterprises during the COVID-19 period.
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Objective: To observe early laboratory indicators in peripheral blood of patients infected with SARSCoV- 2 Delta variant and the protective effects of COVID-19 vaccine on patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, in order to provide reference for epidemic prevention and control. Methods: Twenty-five Chengdu local confirmed nonsevere COVID-19 patients over 18 years old who were infected with COVID-19 caused by Delta variant in November 2021 were included as the research group, 22 cases of whom were vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine before infection, and 3(2 cases over 80 years old)were unvaccinated. In addition, 71 non-severe COVID-19 patients at the age of over 18 years diagnosed in Chengdu from January 2020 to February 2020 were included as the control group. Peripheral blood was collected for laboratory examination in all cases on the first or second days after admission, and peripheral blood was collected for laboratory examination again in patients on day 4 to 8 after admission in the research group. Laboratory indicators included the blood routine, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, liver function, myocardial enzyme profile, coagulation routine, T lymphocyte subsets, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody, and total antibody, etc. The first peripheral blood laboratory test results: of the two groups were compared to observe the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccine on patients infected with SARS-CoV- 2 Delta variant. Results Among the first time of laboratory indicators after admission, the lymphocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer in the research group were all lower than those in the control group(all P < 0.05), and the procalcitonin and aspartate aminotransferase were higher than those in the control group(all P < 0.05). Among the 22 cases who had gotten vaccine before infection in the research group, there were 5 cases with positive result of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in the first time of peripheral blood, 22 cases with positive result of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in the second time of peripheral blood, and none of them became severe cases. During 3 unvaccinated cases, twice of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody were both negative among the 2 cases over 80 years who had not vaccinated in the research group, then they became severe cases on day 6-8 during hospitalization, and the rest one had negative result of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in the second time of peripheral blood. Among the 22 vaccinated cases in the research group, the lymphocyte count, CD4+T cell count, CD8+T cell count, SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in the second time peripheral blood were all higher than those in the first time of peripheral blood(all P < 0.05), and platelet count, hemoglobin, total protein, creatine kinase were all lower than those in the first time of peripheral blood(all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Lymphocyte count at early admission in COVID-19 patients infected with Delta variant may be lower than that infected with wild strain. COVID-19 vaccine can reduce the risk of infection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant by preventing the emergence of inflammatory storms and producing a large number of specific antibodies.
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Objective: To understand the genomic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 from 40 imported cases with confirmed COVID-19 in Sichuan during January and March 2022. Methods: Total viral RNA was extracted from respiratory samples of 182 confirmed COVID-19 cases who entered China through Chendu International Airport from January to March 2022. Mutation nucleic acid detection kit was used to identify the mutant strains and Illumina sequencing platform was applied for whole genome sequence(WGS) of virus. SARS-CoV-2 reference sequences were downloaded from NCBI database for genetic evolution and antigen variation analysis. The Nextclade and Pangolin online virus analysis platform were used to determine the virus family and type, and to analyze the mutation loci of the virus. The phylogenetic tree was constructed, along with the epidemiological data of cases to analyze the source and correlation of viruses. Results: Among 182 imported COVID-19 cases,B.1.617.2 mutations were identified in 3 cases and B.1.1.529 mutations were detected in 57 cases.A total of 40 SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences with coverage>95% were obtained in this study. Nextclade typing analysis showed that 3 sequences belonged to 21J(Delta),5 sequences belonged to 21K(Omicron)and the remaining 32 sequences belonged to 21L(Omicron). Pangolin typing analysis showed that the 3 sequences of 21J(Delta)belonged to AY.4,AY.109and B.1.617.2, the 5sequences of 21K(Omicron)all belonged to BA.1.1, and the remaining 32 sequences of 21L(Omicron)belonged to BA.2. Our sequence results were99.7% consistency with the Omicron variants sequences in current GISAID database. Compared with the reference sequence strain Wuhan-Hu-1(NC_045512.2),45,47and 42nucleotide variation sites and 36,25 and 36amino acid variation sites were found in the 3 sequences of 21J(Delta). There were average 59(26-64)nucleotide mutation sites and 48(10-53)amino acid mutation sites in the 5sequences of 21K(Omicron). The median number of nucleotide mutation sites of 71(66-76)and amino acid mutation sites of 53(40-56)were identified in the 32sequences of 21L(Omicron). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 40SARS-CoV-2WGSs were all related to the current variants of concern(VOC). Conclusions Continuous: sequencing of SARS-CoV-2whole genome from imported cases with confirmed COVID-19is of great significance for the prevention and control of the outbreak and prevalence of local epidemic caused by imported viruses in Sichuan.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between the body mass index (BMI) levels and the negative conversion time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid in adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and the asymptomatic persons. Methods Asymptomatic infected patients and confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to Chengdu Public Health Clinic Center from February 2021 to November 2021 were dynamically included. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the objects were collected, and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing of the objects during their hospitalization was continuously monitored, and the negative nucleic acid conversion time was recorded. The t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test, X 2 test or Fisher's exact probability method examine were used to distribute characteristics of each group of variables and the connection between different variables, respectively. Then the variables showed differences in distribution (P < 0.05) between different BMI groups were included in the multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model. Results A total of 253 subjects ranged from 18 to 63 years old, with M(P25, P75) age of 37.0 (30.0, 47.0) years old, were included in this study. The male to female ratio was 4.16 to 1. The BMI was (23.97+or-3.33) kg/m2. 50.59% (128/253) of the objects were overweight or obese, and 78.13% (100/128) were overweight. The negative time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid conversion of all subjects ranged from 1 to 71 days, with M(P25, P75) of 7.0 (2.0, 18.0) days (P < 0.001). The negative time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid conversion of the normal weight or the thin, and the overweight or obese were 5.00 (2.00, 19.00) and 8.00 (2.00, 17.75) days respectively. The results of multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression model showed that the BMI levels may not be associated with the negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid (HR=1.090, 95%CI: 0.843-1.410, P=0.510). Conclusions Adult asymptomatic persons and confirmed COVID-19 patients are mainly middle-aged and young males, and overweight or obesity is relatively common. Overweight or obesity cannot be considered as an independent factor influencing the negative conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid.
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Objective: To understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of influenza in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of influenza. Methods: Influenza surveillance data in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results: A total of 55 970 cases of influenza were reported in Mianyang City from 2019 to 2021, with an average annual incidence of 388.08/100 000. A total of 103 723 cases of influenza-like illness cases (ILI) were reported, with an average annual ILI% of 3.58%. The incidence, ILI%, and positive detection rates of influenza were all far higher than those in the corresponding period in 2019. The classification of the population is mainly composed of students under the age of 15. The top three reported cases were Fucheng District (20 118, 35.94%), Youxian District (6 394, 11.42%) and Jiangyou District (5 800, 10.36%). 10 126 samples of ILI were received and detected, with a positive rate of 19.53%, the positive rate of ILI samples was mainly students under 15 years old. The dominant strains of influenza viruses showed an alternating trend over the years, and A (H3) was the predominant type in 2019. Except for 2 A (H9) strains detected in 2021, the rest were all BV strains. Due to the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, the positive detection rate was low throughout the year. 43 outbreaks of ILI were reported, which were mainly occurred in winter, and most of them were in primary schools. Conclusion: From 2019 to 2021, the characteristics of cases, ILI, pathogen surveillance and outbreak events of influenza in Mianyang City are basically the same, with students under 15 years of age and schools remaining the key population and sites of concern. the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions for influenza prevention and control is further evidenced by the low incidence of influenza during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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In order to trace and monitor the atmospheric heavy metal pollution in Xichang City, an investigation activity was carried out with a sort of moss (Taxiphyllum taxirameum) (packed in moss bags) as a biological indicator for monitoring heavy metal pollution. The investigation was conducted from the period from April 2019 to April 2020, during which two grave emergency events occurred during spring monitoring period from January 15 to April 15, 2020, i.e., COVID-19 and "3.30"severe forest fire in Xichang, which inevitably affected the atmospheric quality. Based on the concentration analysis of 12 kinds of heavy metal, including Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Mn, Hg, Zn, V, As and Ba contained in the moss and the local meteorological data, comparing those informative data before and after the time when the emergency events toke place, the paper made an analysis on the impacts of two enormous emergency events on the air pollution of heavy metal in Xichang. The results showed that total amount of enrichment of above-mentioned 12 heavy metals in spring (January 15 to April 15, 2020) is (12.85 +or- 1.57) mg/g, which was significantly higher than in the other three seasons (p < 0.01), but no significant discrepancies about the total enrichment amount in the other three seasons (p > 0.05). Primarily because of COVID-19 pandemic, the level of motor vehicles emissions cut down, and the decrease of the tourism in the related areas perhaps causing the decline of pollution of Pb. In addition, the decrease of unbalanced emission of pollutants led to a noted increase of atmospheric oxidation in urban area, thus boosting the formation of secondary particulate matter, and the particulate matter from surrounding industrial sources was transported into the urban area;as a result, remarkable increases of Hg concentration of moss within the moss bags were detected downwind the industrial area located in the urban fringe. Consequently, the investigation showed that the moss-bag method is an effective biological tool for monitoring air heavy metal pollution, which could reflect the impacts of major pollution events on air quality.
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Objective: To investigate the risk factors of proteinuria in patients with hypertension in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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An investigation of coronavirus (CoV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in rodents was performed to understand CoV and HEV infection of rodents in Dali City, Yunnan Province. Rodent samples were obtained in the four towns of Dali city through traps from August 2020 to August 2021. A total of 76 rodents belonging to six species and five genera were captured: Rattus tanezumi, Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus chevrieri, Eothenomys miletus, Niviventer fulvescens, and Mus Pahari. Detection of CoV and HEV was performed by nested-PCR. The infection rate of CoV was 40.74% (11/27) and 2.38% (1/42) in R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi, respectively. The infection rate of HEV was 14.81% (4/27) and 2.38% (1/42) in R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi, respectively. Co-infection with CoV and HEV was detected in two R. norvegicus, with a co-infection rate of 7.41% (2/27). A Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) search was performed on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences of CoV and HEV. Eleven strains from R. norvegicus were a-CoV, and matched best to strain KY370050 from Rattus losea (Fujian, China), with 99.73% to 99.74% nucleotide (nt) sequency identity. One strain was ss-CoV from R. tanezumi, which displayed 98.21% nt sequence identity with strain MT820632 from Bandicota indica (Yunnan, China). Five strains from R. norvegicus were all HEV-C, and showed 95.87% to 96.21% sequence similarity to strain MN450853 from a patient in Hong Kong, China. In conclusion, CoV and HEV infections are present in rodents in Dali City. Because the host animals of the two viruses are closely related to humans, surveillance and investigations of related viruses should be strengthened.
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This study aimed to analyze the changes in the codon usage of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, and to explore its evolution and the differences in codon usage with respect to other variants of concern (VOC). The whole genome coding sequences of the standard strain Wuhan-Hu-1 and five VOCs were collected from the NCBI SARS-CoV-2 database, and the relevant codon preference data were calculated with the EMBOSS subprograms CUSP, MEGA 11.0, Codon W and other analytic software. SigmaPlot 14.0 and SPSS 22.0 were used for analysis and plotting. The average ENC value of the Omicron variant strain was 46.05+or-7.80, and its S, E, ORF1ab and ORF1a protein coding gene codons were less biased than those of other VOCs. The key proteins' RSCU in the Omicron variant was closer to that of human gene codons than to that of Wuhan-Hu-1 codons. The results of cluster analysis based on codon usage bias showed that the S and ORF1a protein codons of the Omicron strain had greater variation than those in other VOC strains. In conclusion, the codon usage bias of key proteins such as S and ORF1ab in the Omicron variant strain is weaker that in other VOC strains, and the codon usage pattern is closer to that of human genes than to that of Wuhan-Hu-1, thus potentially explaining the strain's greater infection efficiency.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-? (IFN-?), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2 R) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS: From Mar 2016 to Mar 2019, the acute stage of COPD patients complicated with active stage of PTB who were treated in the department of respiratory and critical care medicine of the People's Hospital of Liangping District, Chongqing were assigned as the group, the acute stage of COPD patients complicated with recovery stage of PTB were assigned as the group B, the stable stage of COPD patients complicated with active stage of PTB were assigned as the group C, and the stable stage of COPD patients complicated with recovery stage of PTB were assigned as the group D. 25 patients with simple stable stage of COPD, 25 patients with simple recovery stage of PTB, 25 patients with simple acute stage of COPD, 25 patients with simple active stage of PTB and 25 people who received physical examination were chosen as the control group. The serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP were observed and compared among the groups, and the data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The levels of TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP of the case groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP of the simple stable stage of COPD group, the simple acute stage of COPD group, the simple recovery stage of PTB group, the simple active stage of PTB group, the group D, the group B, the group C and the group A were elevated successively (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP of the patients with improved illness condition were reduced after treatment. The AUCs of the TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP were respectively 0.706, 0.718, 0.768 and 0.807 in prediction of deterioration of disease. CONCLUSION: The PTB patients complicated with COPD show abnormal expression of serum TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP. The TNF-a, IFN-?, sIL-2 R and CRP are associated with the severity of disease and have high value in prediction of the deterioration of disease.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of infectious diseases, especially COVID-19 and explore the prevention and control strategies for nosocomial infection under normalization of COVID-19 epidemic. METHODS: The epidemiological characteristics of nosocomial infection were analyzed, and the strategies for control of nosocomial infection were put forward based on the experience of Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital on control of nosocomial infection. RESULTS: The establishment of scientific prevention and control system, pre-inspection triage, protection of key departments and health care workers, treatment of patient, environmental cleaning and disinfection, management of medical waste and enhancement of monitoring of nosocomial infection and training were the important constituent parts of the prevention and control of nosocomial infection. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 has a large scale of impact and is very harmful. under normalization of COVID-19 epidemic continue to analyze and summarize the practical expertence of nosocomial infection, It is an important measure to put forward the coping strategies for nosocomial infection so as to ensure the medical quality and safety as well as to prevent infectious disease epidemic from spreading through hospitals.
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Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of a COVID-19 case imported from Nepal in Chongqing of China, and provide evidence for the prevention and control of imported COVID-19.
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Objective: To assess the risk of public health emergencies, both the indigenous ones and the imported ones, which might occur in the mainland of China in June 2021. Methods: An internet based expert counsel was conducted to analyze the surveillance data of public health emergencies and priority communicable diseases in China reported through different channels, and the experts in all provincial centers for disease control and prevention attended this video conference. Results: Generally speaking, it is predicted that the incidence of public health emergencies would be similar in June with May. The risk of imported cases and secondary infections of COVID-19 would continue to exist, but would be controllable. It is the high incidence season of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and most cases would be sporadic, however, the risk of cluster exits especially in previous epidemic areas. The incidences of food poisoning caused by toxic animal or plant or poisonous mushroom would increase significantly, and the incidences of food poisoning caused by microbe would be high. The earthquake-stricken areas such as Yunnan and Qinghai should further strengthen post-disaster public health responses. The potential flood-stricken areas predicted by the meteorological department need to pay attention to the risks of water-borne, food-borne and vector-borne diseases that may increase after the disaster. Conclusion: Special attention should be paid to COVID-19, and general attention should be paid to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, food poisoning and natural disaster.